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Clin Otolaryngol
August 2017
Division of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
J Craniofac Surg
July 2010
Unit of Cranio Maxillo Facial Surgery, Centre for Craniofacial Deformities and Orbital Surgery, and Department of Ophthalmology, St Anna Hospital and University, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
Endocrine orbitopathy (EO) is a chronic, multisystem autoimmune disorder caused by lymphocyte infiltration, edema, and proliferation of endo-orbital connective tissue. These conditions involve the extraocular muscles, intraconal and extraconal fat, and, to a lesser extent, the lacrimal gland.Endocrine orbitopathy may be associated with toxic diffuse goiter and/or pretibial myxedema (Graves disease) and may appear without alterations in thyroid function (euthyroidism).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRev Med Suisse Romande
February 1996
Chirurgie plastique et reconstruction FMH, Lausanne.
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