Background: Fetal rhabdomyoma is a relatively rare tumor that occurs mainly in the head and neck of toddlers. A similar lesion can occasionally be found in the adult female genital tract. Increased cellularity may be seen in the fetal type and can lead to confusion with the well-differentiated types of rhabdomyosarcoma.
Case: An 8-day-old infant presented with a unilateral, right-sided, postauricular mass. Intraoperative cytology of the mass showed numerous cells with spindled nuclei in a background of myxoid material. A provisional diagnosis of fetal rhabdomyoma was made and subsequently confirmed by histopathologic examination.
Conclusion: In neonates presenting with cervical swelling, the possibility of fetal rhabdomyoma should always be considered and confirmed by both intraoperative cytology and histopathologic examination of the resected tumor.
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