In developed countries the majority of adolescent children show serological evidence of past Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. This virus is associated with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in immunocompromised children, but the relationship of EBV DNA to these tumors in children without documented immunodeficiency has not been investigated by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We used a PCR method with primers from the Bam W and Bam HI regions to study non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in children, with tonsillar tissue of age-matched children as controls for the presence of EBV DNA. Six of the 20 tonsils were positive using the Bam W primers; another four showed this DNA with Bam HI primers. EBV DNA was detected in only one tumor (a lymphoblastic lymphoma) by both primer sets. The demonstration of EBV DNA in the tonsils reflects past infections and the incidence is in accordance with that expected from serologic epidemiological studies. The absence of demonstrable EBV DNA in 19 lymphomas suggests that this virus is of little consequence in the pathogenesis of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in children who are not known to be immunocompromised. The lymphoblastic lymphoma had a mixed cell population, and the virus was not necessarily related to the malignancy.
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