In a standard deceptive box procedure, children aged around 3 years typically fail to acknowledge their own prior false beliefs. For example, they judge incorrectly that they had initially thought a Smarties tube contained pencils after discovering these to be the actual content. Wimmer and Hart (1991) showed that children were more likely to answer correctly in a variant of this task known as a "state change", procedure. In this task, they saw that a container held its expected content (so the initial belief was true) before this was exchanged for something atypical. This appears to offer powerful evidence suggesting that children who fail the standard task do not understand about belief. However, we argue against this view. In a series of 4 experiments, we show that when children see the expected contents before these are swapped for something atypical, this not only makes it easier to report their own and a puppet's initial true belief but also a puppet's current false belief. The results are consistent with the "reality masking hypothesis", according to which facilitation is due to the belief option being linked with a physical counterpart in the state change procedure.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(95)00675-5 | DOI Listing |
J Voice
January 2025
Speech-Language Pathology Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Rua Botucatu, 802 Vila Clementino, 04023-062, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address:
Introduction: Self-esteem and vocal perception are central aspects of identity and self-presentation, particularly within marginalized communities where voice and self-concept can be deeply intertwined with social acceptance and cultural dynamics. Among Brazilian gay men, generational differences in these areas may reflect broader social changes, shifts in stigma, and evolving notions of masculinity. This study aims to explore these differences, examining how self-esteem and self-assessed vocal descriptions vary across generations, thereby shedding light on specific needs and areas for potential support within these communities.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBiophys Chem
December 2024
Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Centro de Biomedicina Molecular (CBM), Laboratorio de Modelado, Dinamica y Bioquímica Subcelular (LMDBS), Maracaibo 4001, Zulia, Venezuela. Electronic address:
Bacteriocins, a class of molecules produced by bacteria, exhibit potent antimicrobial properties, including antiviral activities. The urgent need for treatments against SARS-CoV-2 has proposed bacteriocins such as enterocin DD14 (EntDD14) as potential therapeutic agents. However, the mechanism of macromolecular interaction of EntDD14 for the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 is not yet fully understood, and its efficacy against variants like JN.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Clin Neurosci
January 2025
Department of Medicine, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Pakistan.
Background: Stroke is a leading cause of death/disability, with notable differences in incidence, prevalence, and mortality observed. Despite advancement in stroke research, notable gaps persist in understanding the overall trend and sex-specific disparities in stroke burden over the past three decades, both in the United States of America (USA) and globally.
Aims: This observational-study aims to investigate evolving trends and sex-specific disparities in the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of stroke in the USA and globally from 1990 to 2021.
Ticks Tick Borne Dis
January 2025
Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, United States. Electronic address:
Knowledge of seasonal activity patterns of human-biting life stages of tick species serving as vectors of human disease agents provides basic information on when during the year humans are most at risk for tick bites and tick-borne diseases. Although there is a wealth of published information on seasonal activity patterns of Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus in the United States, a critical review of the literature for these important tick vectors is lacking. The aims of this paper were to: (i) review what is known about the seasonal activity patterns of I.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFUltrasonics
January 2025
Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, 800 22 nd St. NW Suite 5000, Washington, DC 20052, United States of America. Electronic address:
Objectives: In this study, we aim to investigate whether therapeutic ultrasound can modulate the release of melatonin from the pineal gland-either increasing or decreasing its levels-and to assess the safety of this technique. This research could address a significant clinical need by providing a noninvasive method to potentially regulate sleep and circadian rhythms through the targeted modulation of melatonin.
Methods: Rat pineal glands were placed in a well with a Krebs Ringer Buffer solution.
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