Examination by the diatom test, of different organs of corpses of individuals who died of drowning revealed the presence of frustules in all the visceral organs. Diatom load of different organs was found to be positively related with breadth/diameter of the frustule. Relatively larger diatoms were encountered in the lungs, heart and kidneys as compared to the other organs. Smaller diatoms up to 10 mu diameter were found in the brain, and bone marrow samples. However, diatoms were also recovered from the lungs, heart and kidneys of corpses of individuals in whom the cause of death was not drowning. Brain and bone marrow were considered reliable samples for executing the diatom test.
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Int J Legal Med
January 2025
Swedish National Board of Forensic Medicine, Retzius v. 5, 171 65 Stockholm, Stockholm, 171 65, Sweden.
The diagnostic use of the diatom test for drowning has been under investigation for more than a century. Despite continuing research, its true usefulness remains controversial and under debate. Data regarding the extent to which diatoms can penetrate the lungs and other organs of drowning victims are conflicting; similar discrepancies exist as to the presence of diatoms in the organs of living individuals; and as to the occurrence of postmortem (PM) contamination.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFOpen Vet J
November 2024
Department of Clinical Sciences Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary faculty, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Background: There is no specified diagnostic procedure that can help in determining the cause of death and the diagnosis of drowning because the pathohistological signs are almost identical and non-specified.
Aim: Our study aims to recognize and prove diatom appearance in organs from a forensic aspect in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and to examine which is the more specific method in the diagnosis of drowning, the diatom test or the pathohistological finding.
Methods: Rats of the recommended body weight were divided into four groups: G1 ( = 8; mechanism of death-asphyxia; cause of death-suffocation, submerged 1 hour after death); G2 ( = 8: mechanism of death-asphyxia; cause of death-suffocation, immersed 72 hours after death); G3 ( = 8: mechanism of death-asphyxia; cause of death-drowning, autopsy immediately after death), and G4 ( = 8: mechanism of death-asphyxia; cause of death-drowning, post mortem 24 hours after death).
Ecotoxicology
November 2024
Biology Department, College of Science and Engineering, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA.
Marine diatoms are pervasive in many planktonic and benthic environments and represent an important food source for a wide range of species. Some diatoms produce polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs) as defensive toxins. PUA exposure is known to reduce the fecundity of invertebrate grazers like copepods and echinoderm larvae, but little is known about the effects of PUAs on vertebrates.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInt J Legal Med
November 2024
Université de Paris, CNRS, BABEL, Paris, F-75012, France.
This article evaluates the criteria for diatom testing in forensic investigations, focusing on drowning cases. Diatoms, unicellular algae found in aquatic environments, are critical to the determination of drowning because water containing diatoms is inhaled during submersion. The primary objectives include defining the exact amount and type of tissue to be analyzed, expressed in terms of diatom concentration relative to tissue weight, and detailing the conditions under which water samples are collected to study the diatom flora at the site.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFLeg Med (Tokyo)
November 2024
Department of Forensic Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Forensic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Saitama 350-0495, Japan; Tokyo Medical Examiner's Office, Tokyo Metropolitan Government, 4-21-18, Otsuka, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 112-0012, Japan.
The diatom test is one of the methods used to diagnose drowning in forensic autopsies. Metagenomic diatom analysis may reveal where a drowning occurred. We evaluated whether metagenomic diatom analysis could be used to infer waters, watersheds, and geographic locations using 166 water samples from 64 locations (freshwater: 55; seawater: 9).
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