Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 994
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3134
Function: GetPubMedArticleOutput_2016
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
The usefulness of cDNA-directed expression of human hepatic P450s in yeast for the in vitro study of drug metabolism is emphasized. The major advantages of yeast expression are: (i) relatively high yields of heterologous P450 (approximately 5-10 nmol/l of culture medium) can be obtained; (ii) the expressed P450s are directly active in yeast microsomes, allowing the determination of specific catalytic activities of individual isoforms, which is a prerequisite for the prediction of metabolic pathways for new drug candidates; (iii) transformed yeast microsomes can also be used to study the specific affinity of individual P450s for various substrates and the formation of P450-metabolite complexes by difference visible spectroscopy; such studies can help to predict drug interactions. The advantages of expression in yeast with respect to biochemical studies of drug metabolism are illustrated with data about P450 NF25 (P450 3A4), the major form of human liver. Expressed P450 NF25 is obtained in a functionally active state, and some specific catalytic activities observed in liver microsomes could be reproduced directly with transformed yeast microsomes. The use of genomically modified yeast strains coexpressing human cytochrome b5 and/or overexpressing yeast P450-reductase allowed us to optimize these catalytic activities. In particular, this coexpression system was useful in the study of the in vitro formation of a P450 NF25 Fe(II)-RNO complex. Such inhibitory complexes have been implied in numerous drug interactions involving P450 3A4.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-483x(93)90058-z | DOI Listing |
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