Respiratory movements are partially inhibited before birth and central and peripheral chemoreceptors are probably less sensitive. The transition to continuous breathing might be due to the switch-off of inhibitory neuromodulators and the switch-on of excitatory neuroactive agents. This hypothesis has been explored mainly in rats. One example is dopamine which was found to have a high turnover in carotid bodies in newborn pups prior to decreasing rapidly. It is suggested to inhibit the carotid bodies before birth. In the brain, the noradrenergic system has been found to be activated at birth, possibly promoting neural transmission and arousal. Increased expressions of mRNA for c-fos, tyrosine hydroxylase and some neuropeptides have also been found.
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