Nine asymmetrically substituted ureas were bioassayed against house-fly (Musca domestica L.) eggs. The compounds included benzoylaryl urea derivatives, shown in Table I, (compounds 1 and 3-8) and benzoylheteroaryl ureas (2 and 9) which previously revealed effective inhibition of metamorphosis and reproduction when applied in food to the larvae and adults. The benzoyl moiety of the compounds comprise 2,6-disubstituted benzene ring with fluorine atoms (6-9), chlorine atoms (1-2) or fluorine and chlorine atoms (3-5), respectively. The majority of the compounds include aniline derivatives (1, 3-8), except the two containing pyridine ring (2) or pyridone-2 system (9). The eggs of house fly Musca domestica L. (some hours after they were laid) were put on a piece of cloth impregnated with acetone solution of tested compounds in concentrations 0.1 and 0.01%. The hatching of larvae and the later phases of development were observed. From the tested compounds one (no 8 in tab. II) decreased and delayed the hatching, two compounds (no 1 and 4 in tab. II) affected the later stages of development: the number of pupae and adults were decreased.
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Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
January 2025
Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.
A spectacular diversity of forms and features allow species to thrive in different environments, yet some structures remain relatively unchanged. Insect compound eyes are easily recognizable despite dramatic differences in visual abilities across species. It is unknown whether distant insect species use similar or different mechanisms to pattern their eyes or what types of genetic changes produce diversity of form and function.
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United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Manhattan, KS, USA.
House flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), are commonplace pests in both urban and agricultural settings. The potential for house flies as vectors of many disease-causing organisms to humans and animals, coupled with their incessant nuisance behaviors toward these hosts has resulted in a desire to manage their populations.
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Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China. Electronic address:
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Large scale production of insect larvae is considered a sustainable way to upcycle various organic waste- and by-products into more valuable food and feed products. The sustainability of insect larvae production depends on the substrates and species being used, but comparative studies that include both growth and efficiency are lacking. Here we compare larval fitness, including survival, development time, weight, substrate conversion efficiency, substrate reduction, and metabolic parameters across different combinations of densities and waste- and by-product-based substrates on the two fly species, the house fly (Musca domestica) and the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens).
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