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Understanding the Molecular Impact of Physical Exercise on Alzheimer's Disease.
Int J Mol Sci
December 2024
Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, 24071 Leon, Spain.
Alzheimer's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by a wide range of neurological symptoms that begin with personality changes and psychiatric symptoms, progress to mild cognitive impairment, and eventually lead to dementia. Physical exercise is part of the non-pharmacological treatments used in Alzheimer's disease, as it has been shown to delay the neurodegenerative process by improving the redox state in brain tissue, providing anti-inflammatory effects or stimulating the release of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor that enhances the brain structure and cognitive performance. Here, we reviewed the results obtained from studies conducted in both animal models and human subjects to comprehend how physical exercise interventions can exert changes in the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiological processes in Alzheimer's disease: amyloid β-peptide pathology, tau pathology, neuroglial changes, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSystemic and Cardiac Microvascular Dysfunction in Hypertension.
Int J Mol Sci
December 2024
Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, ASST Sette Laghi, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy.
Hypertension exerts a profound impact on the microcirculation, causing both structural and functional alterations that contribute to systemic and organ-specific vascular damage. The microcirculation, comprising arterioles, capillaries, and venules with diameters smaller than 20 μm, plays a fundamental role in oxygen delivery, nutrient exchange, and maintaining tissue homeostasis. In the context of hypertension, microvascular remodeling and rarefaction result in reduced vessel density and elasticity, increasing vascular resistance and driving end-organ damage.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAtrial Fibrillation and Cancer-Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Management.
J Clin Med
December 2024
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
Atrial fibrillation (AF) and cancer are increasingly recognized as interrelated conditions, with cancer patients showing elevated incidences of AF, and there is evidence that AF may sometimes precede cancer diagnoses. This comprehensive review investigates the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management challenges associated with AF in cancer patients. Epidemiologically, several cancers are more closely related to increased rates of AF, including lung, colorectal, gastrointestinal, and hematologic malignancies.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDiagnosis, Pathophysiology and Management of Microvascular Dysfunction in Diabetes Mellitus.
Diagnostics (Basel)
December 2024
Department of Neurosurgery, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
Microcirculation is an essential system that regulates oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues in response to various environmental stimuli and pathophysiological conditions. Diabetes mellitus can cause microvascular complications including nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. The pathogenesis of microvascular dysfunction in diabetes is associated with hyperglycemia and the result of an interplay of various factors.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFVRAC channel inhibition as a novel strategy for the treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Front Cell Dev Biol
December 2024
Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is a serious clinical pathology involving multiple organs such as the heart and brain. The injury results from oxidative stress, inflammatory response and cell death triggered by restoring tissue blood flow after ischemia, leading to severe cell and tissue damage. In recent years, the volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC) has gained attention as an important membrane protein complex.
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