Lesion studies in monkeys have provided some of the most compelling evidence for the involvement of the amygdala in emotional and social behaviour. In spite of this it has proved surprisingly difficult to uncover the precise nature of the role of the amygdala. A number of recent studies now indicate that the amygdala is involved in a specific class of stimulus-reward associations and this discovery, combined with important anatomical findings, has made it possible to gain a much more detailed appreciation of the contribution of the amygdala to emotion in non-human primates. In parallel with this, it appears increasingly likely that amygdala dysfunction contributes to the emotional changes that accompany certain neurological disorders, including dementia and schizophrenia.
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Personality disorders (PDs) are psychiatric conditions characterized by enduring patterns of cognition, emotion, and behaviour that deviate significantly from cultural norms, causing distress or impairment. The aetiology of PDs is complex, involving both genetic and environmental factors. Genetic studies estimate the heritability of PDs at 30% to 60%, implicating genes involved in neurotransmitter regulation, such as those for serotonin transporters and dopamine receptors.
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