Glutamate activates not only ionotropic glutamate receptors, but also G-protein-coupled receptors, called metabotropic glutamate receptors. Recent studies have revealed that these metabotropic receptors share distinctive structural properties and that they form a subgroup within the heptahelical receptor family. The development of ligands that bind specifically to these receptors has provided a means of characterizing the important roles they play in the tuning of fast synaptic transmission, including the induction of long-term changes in synaptic strength. Their involvement in the control of movement, spatial and olfactory memory and nociception has recently been demonstrated.
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