Under examination there were 65 patients with poisoning with organophosphorus insecticides (thiophos, carbophos, chlorophos). The leading psychotic symptoms in these intoxications were psychovegetative, psychovestibular and hyperkinetic ones, which transformed into each other, as the poisoning progressed. The therapeutic applications of atropine led to development of a drug psychosis resembling the oneiroid syndrome. While making the diagnostic differentiation between the latter and the psychosis due to the poisoning with organophosphorus insecticides one should take into account the clinical and laboratory findings.
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Int J Biochem Cell Biol
January 2025
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait. Electronic address:
Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, the principal mechanism of acute organophosphorus compound toxicity, cannot explain neuropsychiatric symptoms occurring after exposure to low organophosphate concentrations causing no cholinergic symptoms. Organophosphate-triggered oxidative stress has increasingly come into focus, occurring when the action of reactive oxygen species, generated from free radicals, is not compensated by antioxidant free radical scavengers. Being nucleophilic, organophosphates can easily accept an electron, thereby generating free radicals.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFClin Toxicol (Phila)
January 2025
Department of Paediatrics, Poisons Information Center, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital and University of Cape Town, South Africa.
Toxicol Res (Camb)
February 2025
Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India.
Objective: Organophosphorus Nerve Agent, VX [(O-Ethyl S-diisopropylaminomethyl) methylphosphonothioate] compound interferes with acetylcholine signaling by targeting the AChE enzyme. Studies suggest that in nerve agents poisoning, non-cholinergic effects are also responsible for damage in peripheral tissues including long term damage in brain. Present study reports cholinergic and non-cholinergic effects of VX poisoning and their prevention by use of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in addition to conventional antidotes atropine sulphate and 2-PAM chloride as an antioxidant.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEcotoxicol Environ Saf
January 2025
West China Center of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China. Electronic address:
Dichlorvos (DDVP) is an organophosphorus pesticide commonly utilized in agricultural production. Recent epidemiological studies suggest that exposure to DDVP correlates with an increased incidence of liver disease. However, data regarding the hepatotoxicity of DDVP remain limited.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFClin Toxicol (Phila)
January 2025
Faculty of Medicine, South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
Introduction: Many patients acutely self-poisoned with organophosphorus insecticides have co-ingested ethanol. Currently, profenofos 50% emulsifiable concentrate (EC50) is commonly ingested for self-harm in Sri Lanka. Clinical experience suggests that ethanol co-ingestion makes management more difficult.
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