Human prophospholipase A2 was purified from pancreatic juice. The protein has a molecular weight of 14500 and a free N-terminal residue identified as aspartic acid (or asparagine). The amino acid composition was determined. Partial immunological identity has been obtained between human and porcine prophospholipase A2. As other phospholipases, the human enzyme requires the presence of calcium for its activity. However, the activity of human phospholipase A2 on egg yolk emulsion is partially inhibited at 0.4 mM calcium concentration, which differs from the porcine homologous enzyme. Kinetics of activation of the two zymogens (human and porcine) by 4 different trypsins (bovine, porcine and human) indicate a difference between the two zymogens only when activated by human trypsins, which suggests a marked specificity of both human trypsins for human prophospholipase.
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Human motivation is organized hierarchically, from proximal (means) to ultimate (ends).
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January 2025
Département d'études cognitives, Institut Jean Nicod, Ecole normale supérieure, Université PSL, EHESS, CNRS, Paris,
Murayama and Jach raise a key problem in behavioral sciences, to which we suggest evolutionary science can provide a solution. We emphasize the role of adaptive mechanisms in shaping behavior and argue for the integration of hierarchical theories of goal-directed cognition and behavioral flexibility, in order to unravel the motivations behind actions that, in themselves, seem disconnected from adaptive goals.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFExpectancy value theory's contribution to unpacking the black box of motivation.
Behav Brain Sci
January 2025
Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD,
Although in basic agreement with Murayama and Jach's call for greater attention to the black boxes underlying motivated behavior, we provide examples of our published suggestions regarding how subjective task value (and ability self-concepts) "gets into people's knowledge structures." We suggest additional mental computational processes to investigate and call for a developmental and situated individual differences approach to this work.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMotivation needs cognition but is not just about cognition.
Behav Brain Sci
January 2025
Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA,
Murayama and Jach offer valuable suggestions for how to integrate computational processes into motivation theory, but these processes cannot do away with motivation altogether. Rewards are only rewarding because people want and like them - that is, because of motivation. Sexual desire is not primarily a quest for rewarding information.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEndogenous reward is a bridge between social/cognitive and behavioral models of choice.
Behav Brain Sci
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Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Coatesville, PA,
Endogenous reward (intrinsic reward at will) is a that is by steps toward any goals which are challenging and/or uncommon enough to prevent its debasement by inflation. A "theory of mental computational processes" should propose what properties let goals grow from appetites for endogenous rewards. Endogenous reward may be the universal selective factor in all modifiable mental processes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFResurrecting the "black-box" conundrum.
Behav Brain Sci
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Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD,
In their article, Murayama and Jach contend that a mental computational model demonstrates that high-level motivations are emergent properties from underlying cognitive processes rather than instigators of behaviors. Despite points of agreement with the authors' critiques of the motivation literature, I argue that their claim of dismantling the black box of the human mind has been constructed on shaking grounds.
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