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The in vitro metabolism of 1-propyl halides (chloride, bromide, and iodide) by hepatic microsomes from phenobarbital-induced rats was examined. The following metabolites were detected: propene, 1,2-epoxypropane, 1,2-propanediol, propionic acid, and undefined species bound to protein (for propyl chloride). The addition of exogenous glutathione to the incubation mixture led to the production of S-(1'-propyl)glutathione and S-(2'-hydroxy-1'-propyl)glutathione. The ratio of the metabolites resulting from C1-C2 functionalization [propene, 1,2-propanediol, and S-(2'-hydroxy-1'-propyl)glutathione] to that resulting from C1 functionalization (propionic acid) increased as the halide progressed down the halide order chloride bromide, and iodide. Mechanisms which rationalize the distribution of propyl halide metabolites as a function of the halide are discussed. The preferred mechanism interprets that the results obtained are a consequence of the partitioning of the initial metabolic transformation between alpha-hydroxylation and halogen oxygenation pathways.
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Nat Commun
March 2025
Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
Late-stage deuteration of aryl halides with deuterium oxide is a highly desirable but challenging transformation, primarily due to the difficulty of activating inert carbon-halogen bonds and the umpolung of deuterium oxide in the presence of various functional groups. To achieve this transformation, efforts have been made to develop photo-chemical, electro-chemical, or mechano-chemical strategies. However, these approaches often require specialized setups or activated substrates.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNanomaterials (Basel)
February 2025
Spec-X Lab, Istituto di Struttura della Materia Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy.
Despite the huge progress achieved in the optimization of perovskite solar cell (PSC) performance, stability remains a limiting factor for technological commercialization. Here, a study on the photovoltaic, structural and morphological stability of semi-transparent formamidinium lead bromide-based PSCs is presented. This work focuses on the positive role of 2D nanoscale layer passivation, induced by perovskite surface treatment with a mixture of iso-Pentylammonium chloride (ISO) and neo-Pentylammonium chloride (NEO).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCureus
February 2025
Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, JPN.
Bromvalerylurea is a sedative-hypnotic agent commonly available in over-the-counter (OTC) medications in Japan and other regions. Although widely used, its prolonged and unsupervised use poses significant risks of dependency and withdrawal. Abrupt discontinuation of bromvalerylurea can lead to severe withdrawal symptoms, including agitation, hallucinations, and seizures.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAngew Chem Int Ed Engl
March 2025
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne EPFL, Department of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, EPFL - BCH, 1015, Lausanne, SWITZERLAND.
The introduction of two nucleophiles in vicinal position of arenes via Sandmeyer-type reactions is compromised by the problematic diazotization of ortho-diaminoarenes. Herein, we show that vicinal substitution reactions are facilitated by the use of 1,2-bis-triazenylarenes. Two distinct methodologies for the synthesis of these triazenes are presented.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCarbohydr Polym
May 2025
School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Suzhou 215123, China. Electronic address:
Drug delivery via the sublingual mucosal route presents considerable challenges due to the presence of a complex mucus barrier. To improve the mucus permeability of resveratrol and bovine serum albumin (BSA) and achieve their co-delivery, muco-inert resveratrol-BSA nanoparticles (Res-BSA) were prepared. The mucus penetration of Res-BSA was 3.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEnter search terms and have AI summaries delivered each week - change queries or unsubscribe any time!