HRP-injected bipolar cells were analyzed electron microscopically in catfish retina. The dendrites of the two types of bipolar cells (on-center and off-center) invaginated into the photoreceptor terminals in distinct patterns. Those from off-center bipolars ended as the central element of triads in such a way that every synaptic ridge examined was contacted by a single process along its apex. In contrast, labeled processes from on-center bipolars never made direct contact with the synaptic ridges of any photoreceptors. In addition, chemical synapses made by external horizontal cells onto photoreceptors were observed. The postsynaptic sites was always a telodendrial process of a photoreceptor.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(83)90081-0 | DOI Listing |
EMBO Rep
January 2025
Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Systems Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK.
Cancer cells often display centrosome amplification, requiring the kinesin KIFC1/HSET for centrosome clustering to prevent multipolar spindles and cell death. In parallel siRNA screens of deubiquitinase enzymes, we identify OTUD6B as a positive regulator of KIFC1 expression that is required for centrosome clustering in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. OTUD6B can localise to centrosomes and the mitotic spindle and interacts with KIFC1.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAlzheimers Dement
December 2024
Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Background: AGEs is one of the Maillard's reaction products (MRPs) found in over-processed common diets, causing food-nutrients abnormal modifications. Some MRPs are potentially toxic or carcinogenic. MRPs present in stages: initial, intermediate and final.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: CHRFAM7A is a human-restricted gene associated with neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. The translated CHRFAM7A protein incorporates into the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) leading to a hypomorphic receptor. Mechanistic insight from isogenic iPSC derived neuronal and mononuclear cells demonstrated that CHRFAM7A affects Ca signaling and activates small GTPase Rac1 leading to an actin cytoskeleton gain of function.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Physiol
January 2025
Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Bipolar cells are vertebrate retinal interneurons conveying signals from rod and cone photoreceptors to amacrine and ganglion cells. Bipolar cells are found in all vertebrates and have many structural and molecular affinities with photoreceptors; they probably appeared very early during vertebrate evolution in conjunction with rod and cone progenitors. There are two types of bipolar cells, responding to central illumination with depolarization (ON) or hyperpolarization (OFF).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJAMA Psychiatry
January 2025
Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
Importance: As an accessible part of the central nervous system, the retina provides a unique window to study pathophysiological mechanisms of brain disorders in humans. Imaging and electrophysiological studies have revealed retinal alterations across several neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders, but it remains largely unclear which specific cell types and biological mechanisms are involved.
Objective: To determine whether specific retinal cell types are affected by genomic risk for neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders and to explore the mechanisms through which genomic risk converges in these cell types.
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