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Fluorine-Containing Inhalation Anesthetics: Chemistry, Properties and Pharmacology.
Curr Med Chem
December 2020
School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China.
Article Synopsis
- This review summarizes research on the synthesis, chemistry, and pharmacology of fluorinated inhalation anesthetics, highlighting their historical development and increasing use of fluorine and ether structures.
- Halothane, an older anesthetic, caused severe liver toxicity, leading to enflurane's introduction in the 1970s, followed by isoflurane in the 1980s, which offered some improvements.
- Despite advancements with desflurane and sevoflurane in the 1990s providing lower toxicity and better anesthetic properties, developing even better options remains difficult due to challenges in predicting anesthetic activity from molecular structures and various synthetic hurdles.
Hepatotoxicity of halogenated inhalational anesthetics.
Iran Red Crescent Med J
September 2014
Department of Molecular Hepatology, Middle East Liver Disease Center, Tehran, IR Iran ; Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
Article Synopsis
- * A review of 52 studies from 1966 to 2013 confirmed that all halogenated anesthetics, like halothane and enflurane, can cause liver damage, particularly through a metabolic pathway involving cytochrome P-450 2E1, while sevoflurane appears to have a lower risk.
- * Although liver toxicity from these anesthetics is not common, it is essential to acknowledge the potential link, especially with older agents like halothane compared to newer ones with lower hepatotoxicity.
Halothane-induced hepatitis: A forgotten issue in developing countries: Halothane-induced hepatitis.
Hepat Mon
January 2011
Department of Gastroenterology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
Article Synopsis
- - Halothane, introduced in the 1950s as an anesthetic, led to concerns about liver damage (hepatitis), prompting the search for safer alternatives with fewer side effects.
- - Two types of halothane-related liver damage were identified: mild hepatitis (type 1) with self-limiting symptoms, and severe hepatotoxicity (type 2), often resulting in acute liver failure.
- - Newer anesthetics like enflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane, which aren't metabolized by the liver and cause fewer adverse reactions, are more expensive, raising challenges for their adoption in lower-budget healthcare systems.
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