Multijoint goal-directed hindlimb movements in response to chemical stimulation delivered to different skin sites on the medial back surface (wiping reflex-WR) were filmed and analysed in spinal or intact frogs Rana temporaria. Each WR cycle was divisible into five phases (flexion, lifting, aiming, wiping and extension) usually separated from each other by postural interruptions. One or several of the phases might spontaneously be reduced or deleted at all (e. g. the extension phase), although the WR was still effective. Such a reduction was, as a rule, observed in intact frogs while spinal ones usually exhibited the maximum phase sequence. It is suggested that the central spinal generator of the WR is formed of separate functional blocks each of which specifies a certain interjoint coordination and brings the joints to the central-conditioned equilibrium positions.
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Anal Chem
July 2024
Department of Materials Science, MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen 517182, China.
De novo sequencing of any novel peptide/protein is a difficult task. Full sequence coverage, isomeric amino acid residues, inter- and intramolecular S-S bonds, and numerous other post-translational modifications make the investigators employ various chemical modifications, providing a variety of specific fragmentation MS patterns. The chemical processes are time-consuming, and their yields never reach 100%, while the subsequent purification often leads to the loss of minor components of the initial peptide mixture.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Data
February 2024
University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
Sub-Saharan Africa is under-represented in global biodiversity datasets, particularly regarding the impact of land use on species' population abundances. Drawing on recent advances in expert elicitation to ensure data consistency, 200 experts were convened using a modified-Delphi process to estimate 'intactness scores': the remaining proportion of an 'intact' reference population of a species group in a particular land use, on a scale from 0 (no remaining individuals) to 1 (same abundance as the reference) and, in rare cases, to 2 (populations that thrive in human-modified landscapes). The resulting bii4africa dataset contains intactness scores representing terrestrial vertebrates (tetrapods: ±5,400 amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) and vascular plants (±45,000 forbs, graminoids, trees, shrubs) in sub-Saharan Africa across the region's major land uses (urban, cropland, rangeland, plantation, protected, etc.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNanomaterials (Basel)
January 2024
Faculty of Biology, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria.
The growing interest in graphene oxide (GO) for different biomedical applications requires thoroughly examining its safety. Therefore, there is an urgent need for reliable data on how GO nanoparticles affect healthy cells and organs. In the current work, we adopted a comprehensive approach to assess the influence of GO and its polyethylene glycol-modified form (GO-PEG) under near-infrared (NIR) exposure on several biological aspects.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCurr Biol
February 2024
Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA. Electronic address:
Convergent extension (CE) requires the coordinated action of the planar cell polarity (PCP) proteins and the actin cytoskeleton, but this relationship remains incompletely understood. For example, PCP signaling orients actomyosin contractions, yet actomyosin is also required for the polarized localization of PCP proteins. Moreover, the actin-regulating Septins play key roles in actin organization and are implicated in PCP and CE in frogs, mice, and fish but execute only a subset of PCP-dependent cell behaviors.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAnimals (Basel)
August 2023
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Apartado 0843-03092, Panama.
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