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Abundance and possibilities of crAssphage and PMMoV as a viral indicator in raw sewage in wastewater treatment plants.
Sci Total Environ
January 2025
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States of America; Organization for Public Health and Environment Management, Lalitpur, Nepal; Water & Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America; Center of Research Excellence in Wastewater based Epidemiology, Morgan State, Baltimore, MD, United States of America. Electronic address:
Given their abundance in human fecal samples, crAssphage and Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (PMMoV) are proposed as indicators for human enteric viruses. This study measured crAssphage and PMMoV in raw sewage samples (n = 24) between June 2014 and May 2015 from two wastewater treatment facilities in southern Arizona, USA. Both crAssphage and PMMoV were detected in nearly 100% of samples.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNorovirus replication, host interactions and vaccine advances.
Nat Rev Microbiol
January 2025
Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide in all age groups and cause significant disease and economic burden globally. To date, no approved vaccines or antiviral therapies are available to treat or prevent HuNoV illness. Several candidate vaccines are in clinical trials, although potential barriers to successful development must be overcome.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAntibody-dodging norovirus variant may be helping drive a rise in outbreaks.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSurvival of viruses in water microcosms.
Sci Total Environ
January 2025
Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain. Electronic address:
Human enteric viruses and emerging viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, influenza virus and monkeypox virus, are frequently detected in wastewater. Human enteric viruses are highly persistent in water, but there is limited information available for non-enteric viruses. The present study evaluated the stability of hepatitis A virus (HAV), murine norovirus (MNV), influenza A virus H3N2 (IAV H3N2), human coronavirus (HCoV) 229E, and vaccinia virus (VACV) in reference water (RW), effluent wastewater (EW) and drinking water (DW) under refrigeration and room temperature conditions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFQuantification of Particle-Associated Viruses in Secondary Treated Wastewater Effluent.
Food Environ Virol
January 2025
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2100, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
Viruses can interact with a broad range of inorganic and organic particles in water and wastewater. These associations can protect viruses from inactivation by quenching chemical disinfectants or blocking ultraviolet light transmission, and a much higher dosage of disinfectants is required to inactivate particle-associated viruses than free viruses. There have been only few studies of the association of viruses with particles in wastewater, particularly in secondary treated effluent.
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