Approximately 75 simian viruses, counterparts of other animal viruses, are recognized. Nomenclature of these isolates, in general, consists of an SV (simian virus) or SA (simian agent) numerical series with no attempt to group them according to virus families. The biologic characteristics of these viruses indicate they may be classified into recognized families and groups. A simple sequential numerical designation is recommended as a nomenclature within virus families and groups. Finalization of nomenclature would follow approval by the Study Groups of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000149142 | DOI Listing |
Zoonoses Public Health
January 2025
Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
Introduction: Nonhuman primates (NHPs) can transmit zoonotic diseases to humans because of their close genetic relationship, facilitating the cross-species transmission of certain pathogens. In Thailand, Macaca is the most common NHP genus and their inhabits area are in close proximity of human, particularly in urban and suburban areas, where frequent interactions with humans increase the risk of pathogen transmission. The risk is influenced by factors such as the type of pathogen, the mode of transmission (e.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFVaccines (Basel)
January 2025
The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
After four decades of intensive research, traditional vaccination strategies for HIV-1 remain ineffective due to HIV-1's extraordinary genetic diversity and complex immune evasion mechanisms. Cytomegaloviruses (CMV) have emerged as a novel type of vaccine vector with unique advantages due to CMV persistence and immunogenicity. Rhesus macaques vaccinated with molecular clone 68-1 of RhCMV (RhCMV68-1) engineered to express simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) immunogens elicited an unconventional major histocompatibility complex class Ib allele E (MHC-E)-restricted CD8 T-cell response, which consistently protected over half of the animals against a highly pathogenic SIV challenge.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCell Rep Med
January 2025
IrsiCaixa Immunopathology Research Institute, Badalona, Spain; Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona, Spain; CIBERINFEC, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address:
High-efficacy antiretroviral treatment (ART) has been a game-changer for HIV/AIDS pandemic, but incomplete CD4 T cell recovery and persistent chronic immune activation still affect HIV-suppressed people. Exceptional cases of HIV infection that naturally exhibit delayed disease progression provide invaluable insights into protective biological mechanisms with potential clinical application. Viremic non-progressors (VNPs) represent an extremely rare population of individuals with HIV, characterized by preservation of the CD4 T cell compartment despite persistent high levels of viral load (>10,000 copies/mL).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCommun Biol
January 2025
Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
The primary immune constituents in the brain, microglia and macrophages, are the target for HIV in people and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in nonhuman primates. This infection can lead to neurological dysfunction, known as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). Given the gaps in our knowledge on how these cells respond in vivo to CNS infection, we perform single-cell multiomic sequencing, including gene expression and ATAC-seq, on myeloid cells from the brains of rhesus macaques with SIV-induced encephalitis (SIVE) as well as uninfected controls.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Signal
January 2025
Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China.
Activation of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway by cytosolic DNA leads to the activation of the transcription factors interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Although many viruses produce proteins that inhibit IRF3-dependent antiviral responses, some viruses produce proteins that inhibit STING-induced NF-κB activation without blocking IRF3 activation. Here, we found that STING-activated, NF-κB-dependent, and IRF3-independent innate immunity inhibited the replication of the DNA virus herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), the RNA virus coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16), and the retrovirus HIV-1.
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