Choleragen-dependent ADP ribosylation of soluble proteins from bovine thymus, using [32P]NAD as substrate, was increased 3- to 4-fold by GTP. The effect was specific for nucleoside triphosphate, with GTP approximately equal to ITP greater than CTP greater than ATP greater than UTP. Half-maximal enhancement was observed with 0.5 mM GTP. The magnitude of the GTP effect decreased with increasing NAD concentration; GTP had no effect on hydrolysis of NAD at low NAD concentrations. Digestion of ADP-ribosylated proteins with snake venom phosphodiesterase yielded primarily 5'-AMP. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of soluble proteins from thymus after incubation with choleragen and [32P]NAD separated numerous ADP-ribosylated proteins; radioactivity in all bands was increased by nucleoside triphosphate. Choleragen catalyzed the ADP ribosylation of several purified proteins; depending on the protein, GTP either increased, decreased, or had no effect on the extent of ADP ribosylation. Choleragen-dependent ADP ribosylation of a wide variety of proteins is consistent with the possibility that intoxication results in covalent modification of more than one cellular protein and perhaps alters the activity of other enzymes in addition to adenylate cyclase.
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