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Cancer and Secretomes: HLA-G and Cancer Puzzle.

Adv Exp Med Biol

January 2025

Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.

Among the mechanisms, cancer cells develop to elude immune system, immune regulation and the use of molecules that play important roles in immune escape stand out. One of these molecules, the human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G), plays an important role in the maintenance of immune tolerance and contributes to the progression of cancer by exerting an immunosuppressive effect. By creating an immunosuppressive field in the microscopic environment of the tumor, the aberrant expression of HLA-G facilitates the evading of cancer cells from the immune system and contributes to the progression of the disease.

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Volatile oils (VOs), synonymously termed essential oils (EOs), are highly hydrophobic liquids obtained from aromatic plants, containing diverse organic compounds for example terpenes and terpenoids. These oils exhibit significant neuroprotective properties, containing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, glutamate activation, cholinesterase inhibitory action, and anti-protein aggregatory action, making them potential therapeutic agents in managing neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). VOs regulate glutamate activation, enhance synaptic plasticity, and inhibit oxidative stress through the stimulation of antioxidant enzymes.

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Primary brain tumors that were the most severe and aggressive were called glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Cancers are caused in part by aberrant expression of circular RNA. Often referred to as competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA), circRNA molecules act as "miRNA sponges" in cells by decreasing the inhibitory impact of miRNA on their target genes and hence raising the expression levels of those genes.

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Ulcerative colitis (UC) remains an intractable and relapsing disease featured by intestinal inflammation. The anti-UC activity of Akkermansia muciniphila (AKK), an intestinal microorganism, has been widely investigated. The current work is to explore the impacts of AKK on UC and its possible reaction mechanism.

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Orexin signaling in the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra promotes locomotion and reward processing, but it is not clear whether dopaminergic neurons directly mediate these effects. We show that dopaminergic neurons in these areas mainly express orexin receptor subtype 1 (Ox1R). In contrast, only a minor population in the medial ventral tegmental area express orexin receptor subtype 2 (Ox2R).

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