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Community pharmacy services in the late COVID-19 period: What has driven change?

Res Social Adm Pharm

March 2025

WHO Collaborating Centre for Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Policies, Pharmacoeconomics Department, Gesundheit Österreich GmbH (GÖG / Austrian National Public Health Institute), Stubenring 6, 1010, Vienna, Austria; Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London, WC2A 2AE, UK. Electronic address:

Background: Community pharmacy appears to have undergone considerable change over the years.

Objectives: The objective of this research is to study the range of community pharmacy services provided in late stages of the COVID-19 pandemic and during the last decades and to identify potential drivers for change.

Methods: Four European countries (Austria, England, Estonia, and Portugal), which represent a balance in terms of income, organization of the health system and pharmacy services, were selected as case studies.

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T-cell Engagers in Prostate Cancer.

Eur Urol

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Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. Electronic address:

Owing to the "cold" tumor immune microenvironment of prostate cancer, immune-targeting agents have shown limited efficacy in patients with advanced prostate cancer, highlighting the need for new therapies with novel mechanisms of action. In this context, T-cell engagers (TCEs), which induce T-cell-mediated killing of cancer cells by binding the CD3 receptor on T cells and a specific tumor antigen expressed on malignant cells, represent a promising therapeutic option. Multiple studies have explored the use of TCEs in previously treated patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, and several ongoing trials are currently assessing novel TCEs either as single agents or in combinatorial regimens with molecules with a distinct mechanism of action (eg, androgen receptor pathway inhibitors and other immune-targeting agents).

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In-situ quantitative detection of hypochlorous acid in food samples by employing a near-infrared fluorescent probe in association with a portable optical data acquisition system.

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School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China; Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology (Ministry of Education), Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013 PR China. Electronic address:

Background: Hypochlorous acid (HClO) is a crucial disinfectant in the food industry. It can be used to soak perishable foods like vegetables, fruits, eggs, fish, and raw meat before processing and storage, eliminating microorganisms, bacteria, fungi, and pathogens to ensure food safety. HClO also helps preserve vegetables and fruits by reducing ethylene production, delaying rotting, decreasing cell membrane permeability, inhibiting polyphenol oxidase activity, and postponing discoloration.

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ZNF667 alleviates the inflammatory damage in intervertebral disc degeneration via inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway.

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