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Clear cell hidradenoma of the male breast: A case report and literature review.

Int J Surg Case Rep

January 2025

Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No.79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China. Electronic address:

Introduction: Clear cell hidradenoma (CCH) is a rare type of benign breast tumor that may undergo malignant transformation in a few cases. It clinically manifests as a painless breast mass, and may include nipple discharge. Complete surgical excision with adequate safety margins is the primary treatment.

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Environmental exposures and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatol Commun

February 2025

Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

The global epidemiology of HCC is shifting due to changes in both established and emerging risk factors. This transformation is marked by an emerging prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and type 2 diabetes, alongside traditional risks such as viral hepatitis (HBV and HCV), and exposure to chemical agents like aflatoxin, alcohol, tobacco, and air pollution. This review examines how environmental exposures and evolving liver pathology, exacerbated by lifestyle and metabolic conditions, are contributing to the rising worldwide incidence of HCC.

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Giant cell tumors (GCTs) are benign but locally aggressive bone neoplasms that primarily affect skeletally mature individuals. They are characterized by a tendency for recurrence and being associated with significant morbidity. Traditional treatment has focused on surgical resection; however, the role of medical therapies, such as Denosumab, a bone anti-resorptive drug, which has been Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for unresectable GCTs since 2013, recently has gained prominence.

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Background: Cancer immunotherapy has transformed metastatic cancer treatment, yet challenges persist regarding therapeutic efficacy. RECQL4, a RecQ-like helicase, plays a central role in DNA replication and repair as part of the DNA damage response, a pathway implicated in enhancing efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapies. However, its role in patient response to ICI remains unclear.

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Primary clear cell adenocarcinoma (CCA) of the urinary bladder is a rare and aggressive malignancy. Few reports in the literature describe this presentation, as associated with malignant transformation of endometriosis. This case highlights the complex etiology of this variant of CCA, initially diagnosed using comprehensive imaging and genetic analysis, and subsequently confirmed through extensive surgical intervention and chemotherapy.

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