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Variations in the Terminal Branches of the Brachial Plexus in the Axillary Fossa.
Biomed Res Int
January 2025
Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital "Medika", Ruse, Bulgaria.
The brachial plexus is the primary nerve source for the upper limb. Variations in its anatomy can alter the nerve supply to the upper extremity. Such deviations are clinically important, as they can change the symptomatology of various pathologic conditions, leading to misdiagnosis, inadequate treatment, and surgical failures as a consequence.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFWidespread innervation of motoneurons by spinal V3 neurons globally amplifies locomotor output in mice.
Cell Rep
January 2025
Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada. Electronic address:
While considerable progress has been made in understanding the neuronal circuits that underlie the patterning of locomotor behaviors, less is known about the circuits that amplify motoneuron output to adjust muscle force. Here, we demonstrate that propriospinal V3 neurons (Sim1) account for ∼20% of excitatory input to motoneurons across hindlimb muscles. V3 neurons also form extensive connections among themselves and with other excitatory premotor neurons, such as V2a neurons.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRadial to Median Sensory Nerve Transfers to Restore Sensate Key Pinch: A Cadaveric Assessment of Size Match and Implications for Transfer.
Microsurgery
January 2025
Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Plastic Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Background: Loss of key-pinch sensation after median nerve injury poses significant functional detriment. Nerve transfers are utilized to improve function after nerve injury and size matching of donor and recipient nerves is important to optimize success. This anthropometric study investigates the anatomy of the superficial branch of the radial nerve (SBRN) to the thumb and index finger and explores radial to median sensory nerve transfers, a necessary but not heavily discussed facet of nerve transfers for the hand.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFDebate on the Morphological Variability of the Lateral Pterygoid Muscle-Discrepancies, Speculations and New Original Anatomical Samples.
Medicina (Kaunas)
November 2024
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, "Victor Babeş" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timişoara, Romania.
The lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM), a critical component of the masticatory muscles, typically comprises upper (SLPM) and lower (ILPM) heads. However, it is essential to note that the LPM's structure is not a constant feature, as the number of bundles and their topography can vary. Moreover, additional heads, such as medial and middle heads, and unique-headed configurations of the LPM have been reported.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFClinical Perspectives on the Pathophysiology of Facial Synkinesis: A Narrative Review.
JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg
January 2025
Department of Plastic Surgery, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.
Importance: Facial synkinesis refers to pathologic cocontraction and baseline hypertonicity of muscles innervated by the facial nerve, commonly attributed to the aberrant regeneration of nerve fibers following injury. The pathomechanism and optimal treatment of facial synkinesis remain unclear. The goal of this review is to highlight current understanding of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, assessment, and treatment of facial synkinesis.
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