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Background Investigation of the venous system surrounding a tumor that is invading a dural sinus is of great use for guiding the surgical excision. Non-invasive imaging is often inadequate since enhancement of the tumor causes it to blend with the contrast of the venous vascular structures. Conventional two-dimensional angiography is also often insufficient.

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Background And Purpose: Several studies have found supplemental venous drainage channels in addition to bilateral internal jugular veins for cerebral venous efflux. We performed this study to characterize the supplemental venous outflow patterns in a consecutive series of patients undergoing detailed cerebral angiography with venous phase imaging.

Methods: The venographic phase of the arteriogram was reviewed to identify and classify supplemental cerebral venous drainage into anterior (cavernous venous sinus draining into pterygoid plexus and retromandibular vein) and posterior drainage pattern.

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Basicranial venous anomalies associated with complex nonsyndromic craniosynostosis in a child.

J Craniofac Surg

November 2013

From the *School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center; †Department of Pediatric Radiology, Children's Hospital; ‡Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center; and §Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.

We report the radiological findings of severe bilateral jugular foraminal stenosis along with anomalous basicranial venous drainage in a child with a history of complex nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. CT with 3D reconstructions and MR venography revealed that the lateral sinuses were draining transosseously through several markedly enlarged emissary veins. The main route of transverse and sigmoid sinus drainage was through large mastoid emissaries to the deep cervical veins.

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Abnormal venous drainage in syndromic craniosynostosis and the role of CT venography.

Childs Nerv Syst

December 2008

Department of Paediatric Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, West Wing Level 3, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.

Objective: Venous hypertension is emerging as a significant contributor to intracranial pressure in children with syndromic craniosysnostosis. This is associated with jugular foramen stenosis or atresia and with the development of collateral emissary veins. We demonstrate how computed tomography venography can document the prevalence of these emissary veins and how their visualisation plays an important role in operative planning.

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The treatment of non-traumatic ischaemic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) remains problematical and there is evidently scope to seek for a medical treatment of this disease which often leads to a surgical procedure for hip prosthesis. If we exclude the context of hemoglobin disorders, necrosis appears mainly in adults, when their limb bones contain a fatty marrow. Investigations such as intramedullary pressure measurement and transosseous phlebography suggest a disorder of the intraosseous blood circulation.

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