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Purpose: The diagnosis and management of hypercalcemia in hospitalized patients can be challenging. Hypercalcemia is often associated with significant morbidity and end-organ damage which may delay a patient's recovery.

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Background: Osteopenia of prematurity (OP) is characterized by reduced bone mineral content, and vitamin D deficiency may worsen OP by affecting bone metabolism.

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Proteins' flexibility is a feature in communicating changes in cell signaling instigated by binding with secondary messengers, such as calcium ions, associated with the coordination of muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and gene expression. When binding with the disordered parts of a protein, calcium ions must balance their charge states with the shape of calcium-binding proteins and their versatile pool of partners depending on the circumstances they transmit. Accurately determining the ionic charges of those ions is essential for understanding their role in such processes.

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