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To evaluate indirect criteria of pelvic venous insufficiency (PVI) of a short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequence retrospectively compared with phlebographic findings. Between 2008 and 2018, 164 women who had received MRI and phlebography for pelvic congestion syndrome (60), varicose veins in the lower limbs (45), both (43), or other symptoms (16) were included. The presence of periuterine varicosities and perivaginal varicosities were compared to the findings of phlebography: grading of left ovarian vein reflux and presence of internal pudendal or obturator leak.

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Background: Instrumental diagnosis of pelvic-perineal reflux is based on the use of ultrasound and radiological methods; however, the volume of their use represents a stumbling block for various researchers. The study aimed to determine the diagnostic value and reasonability of ovarian and pelvic venography in female patients with pelvic varicose veins (PVV) and vulvar varicosities (VV).

Methods: A total of 62 women with PVV were examined and allocated into two groups with or without the pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS) symptoms.

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Objective: The aim of this paper was to describe the obturator hook sign (OHS), a distinctive dilated angled vein similar to a hook, by computed tomography venography (CTV). It is identified mainly on direct CTV (DCTV) as opposed to indirect CTV (ICTV), evidencing obturator vein engorgement as a marker of hemodynamically significant collateralization and representing an indirect sign for chronic iliac vein outflow obstruction.

Methods: All CTV studies of lower limbs performed from January 2014 to August 2018 in Galway University Hospital and the Galway Clinic were retrospectively reviewed.

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A case of an additional right external iliac vein lacking a right common iliac vein was found in an 84-year-old female cadaver during a dissection course at Aichi Medical University in 2014. The findings are reported and discussed from the embryological and clinical viewpoints. The right and left iliac venous systems were macroscopically observed with attention to the homonymous arteries and the inferior vena cava.

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