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This study investigates the effects of lead stress on tomato plants and explores the potential role of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to alleviate this stress. The experiment was conducted in pots, introducing varying lead levels (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg kg⁻¹) using lead nitrate. For rhizobacterial inoculation, pre-characterized LTPGP strains S5 Pseudomonas fluorescens A506 and S10 Pseudomonas fluorescens LMG 2189 were used.

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Thin films of PbS, both undoped and cobalt-doped (Co-PbS), were produced on glass substrates using the straightforward and controllable approach of sequential ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR). The reactive substances employed to deposit the PbS thin films were lead nitrate (Pb(NO)), cobalt nitrate (Co(NO₃)₂(H₂O)₆), sodium thiosulphate (NaSO) and HO for different dipping concentrations of lead and cobalt. The films were adherent to the substrate and were compact, and crack-free with a shiny silver color.

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The toxic impact of environmentally relevant nominal sub-lethal concentration of lead nitrate (23 mg/L) on the gills of Cyprinus carpio after 30 days of exposure was assessed. Structural alterations were analyzed through histopathology, and the DNA damage rate in peripheral erythrocytes was evaluated by alkaline comet assay. A significant deviation in the gill histoarchitecture was observed compared to the control group.

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Background/aims: Lead exposure is known to induce oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in modulating oxidative stress, with L-arginine as a precursor of NO and N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) as an inhibitor of NO synthase, an enzyme that catalyses the production of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine.

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