In order to gain insight into the possible role of the ACh-system in the smooth muscle cell, the presence of choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase was studied in the longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig ileum after the mechanical removal of Auerbach's plexus. Such treatment completely removes all nerve elements as confirmed by histochemistry and electron-microscopic examination. It was found that in the longitudinal muscle devoid of all nervous elements a substantial percentage of the activity of all three enzymes still remained. Ultrastructural localization of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase was observed on the sarcolemma, sarcoplastic reticulum, nuclear membrane and invaginations of the sarcolemma. The localization of cholinesterases coincides with sites which are presumably involved in calcium movements during contraction and relaxation. It is well known that the depolarized smooth muscle responds to exogenous ACh with a reversible, calcium dependent contraction and it was suggested that ACh may act by increasing the influx of calcium through the cell membrane or by liberating calcium from its bound form. The presence of choline acetyltransferase and cholinesterase activities in the muscle cell proper, as well as the localization of cholinesterases on structures connected with calcium movements, support the coexistence of an intrinsic cholinergic mechanism in the smooth muscle.
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