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New evidence for early Indian Ocean trade routes into the South African interior.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
February 2025
Cultural Heritage Unit, Conservation Services Division, South African National Parks, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
The rise and spread of ancient Indian Ocean Rim (IOR) trade networks profoundly impacted southern Africa. Control over this trade played a critical role in the rise and maintenance of complex societies of the second millennium CE such as Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe. While the African origins of this trade lie in the first millennium CE, understanding its earliest phases and subsequent development in the far south has been hampered by a general paucity of research.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRedox Status-Selective Imaging of Iron in Vegetative and Pathogenic Fungal Cells Using Fluorescent Dyes Synthesized Via Simple Chemical Reactions.
Mol Plant Microbe Interact
January 2025
Phytopathologie und Pflanzenschutz, Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
Iron plays a prominent role in various biological processes and is an essential element in almost all organisms, including plant-pathogenic fungi. As a transition element, iron occurs in two redox states, Fe and Fe, the transition between which generates distinct reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as HO, OH anions, and toxic OH· radicals. Thus, the redox status of Fe determines ROS formation in pathogen attack and plant defense and governs the outcome of pathogenic interactions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFComputational Modeling of Electrocatalysts for CO Reduction: Probing the Role of Primary, Secondary, and Outer Coordination Spheres.
Acc Chem Res
January 2025
The Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States.
ConspectusIn the search for efficient and selective electrocatalysts capable of converting greenhouse gases to value-added products, enzymes found in naturally existing bacteria provide the basis for most approaches toward electrocatalyst design. Ni,Fe-carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (Ni,Fe-CODH) is one such enzyme, with a nickel-iron-sulfur cluster named the C-cluster, where CO binds and is converted to CO at high rates near the thermodynamic potential. In this Account, we divide the enzyme's catalytic contributions into three categories based on location and function.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFis a major contributor to infections in humans and is widely distributed in the environment. It is capable of aerobic and anaerobic growth, providing adaptability to environmental changes and in confronting immune responses. We applied high-throughput native 2-dimensional metalloproteomics to under oxic and anoxic conditions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe redox aspects of lithium-ion batteries.
Energy Environ Sci
December 2024
Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering, Station 6, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
This article aims to present the redox aspects of lithium-ion batteries both from a thermodynamic and from a conductivity viewpoint. We first recall the basic definitions of the electrochemical potential of the electron, and of the Fermi level for a redox couple in solutions. The Fermi level of redox solids such as metal oxide particles is then discussed, and a Nernst equation is derived for two ideal systems, namely an ideally homogenous phase where the oxidised and reduced metal ions are homogeneously distributed and two segregated phases where the oxidised and the reduced metal ions are separated in two distinct phases such as observed, for example, in biphasic lithium iron phosphate.
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