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The ejaculatory reflex consists of emission and expulsion, with the latter involving rhythmic muscular contractions that propel seminal fluid. Botulinum toxin, through its inhibitory effects, has been hypothesized to improve premature ejaculation (PE). This study evaluates high-quality evidence on botulinum toxin-A injections into the bulbospongiosal muscle as a treatment for PE.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRhythmic motor behaviors are generated by neural networks termed central pattern generators (CPGs). Although locomotor CPGs have been extensively characterized, it remains unknown how the neuronal populations composing them interact to generate adaptive rhythms. We explored the non-linear cooperation dynamics among the three main populations of ipsilaterally projecting spinal CPG neurons - V1, V2a, V2b neurons - in scratch reflex rhythmogenesis.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFA membrane-targeted photoswitch restores physiological ON/OFF responses to light in the degenerate retina.
Nat Commun
January 2025
Center for Synaptic Neuroscience, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.
The lack of effective therapies for visual restoration in Retinitis pigmentosa and macular degeneration has led to the development of new strategies, such as optogenetics and retinal prostheses. However, visual restoration is poor due to the massive light-evoked activation of retinal neurons, regardless of the segregation of visual information in ON and OFF channels, which is essential for contrast sensitivity and spatial resolution. Here, we show that Ziapin2, a membrane photoswitch that modulates neuronal capacitance and excitability in a light-dependent manner, is capable of reinstating, in mouse and rat genetic models of photoreceptor degeneration, brisk and sluggish ON, OFF, and ON-OFF responses in retinal ganglion cells evoked by full-field stimuli, with reactivation of their excitatory and inhibitory conductances.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPathophysiology and Management Strategies for Post-Stroke Spasticity: An Update Review.
Int J Mol Sci
January 2025
School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China.
Post-stroke spasticity (PSS), characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in muscle tone and exaggerated reflexes, affects a significant portion of stroke patients and presents a substantial obstacle to post-stroke rehabilitation. Effective management and treatment for PSS remains a significant clinical challenge in the interdisciplinary aspect depending on the understanding of its etiologies and pathophysiology. We systematically review the relevant literature and provide the main pathogenic hypotheses: alterations in the balance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to the descending pathway or the spinal circuit, which are secondary to cortical and subcortical ischemic or hemorrhagic injury, lead to disinhibition of the stretch reflex and increased muscle tone.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFOptimizing transcutaneous spinal stimulation: excitability of evoked spinal reflexes is dependent on electrode montage.
J Neuroeng Rehabil
January 2025
Hulse Spinal Cord Injury Research Lab, Shepherd Center, 2020 Peachtree Road NW, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Background: There is growing interest in use of transcutaneous spinal stimulation (TSS) for people with neurologic conditions both to augment volitional control (by facilitating motoneuron excitability), and to decrease spasticity (by activating inhibitory networks). Various electrode montages are used during TSS, with little understanding of how electrode position influences spinal circuit activation. We sought to identify the thoracolumbar electrode montage associated with the most robust activation of spinal circuits by comparing posterior root-muscle reflexes (PRM reflexes) elicited by 6 montages.
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