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Background: Candidiasis can be present as a cutaneous, mucosal, or deep-seated organ infection, which is caused by more than 20 types of Candida spp., with C. albicans being the most common.

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Variable surface antigen expression, virulence, and persistent infection by malaria parasites.

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

January 2025

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.

SUMMARYThe human malaria parasite is known for its ability to maintain lengthy infections that can extend for over a year. This property is derived from the parasite's capacity to continuously alter the antigens expressed on the surface of the infected red blood cell, thereby avoiding antibody recognition and immune destruction. The primary target of the immune system is an antigen called PfEMP1 that serves as a cell surface receptor and enables infected cells to adhere to the vascular endothelium and thus avoid filtration by the spleen.

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The endothelium at the interface between tissues and in the bloodstream.

Clin Microbiol Rev

January 2025

Laboratory of Pathology of Implant Infections, Laboratory of Immunorheumatology and Tissue Regeneration, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.

SUMMARY is a major human pathogen. It can cause many types of infections, in particular bacteremia, which frequently leads to infective endocarditis, osteomyelitis, sepsis, and other debilitating diseases. The development of secondary infections is based on the bacterium's ability to associate with endothelial cells lining blood vessels.

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Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) is a diverse family of variant surface antigens, encoded by var genes, that mediates binding of infected erythrocytes to human cells and plays a key role in parasite immune evasion and malaria pathology. The increased availability of parasite genome sequence data has revolutionised the study of PfEMP1 diversity across multiple P. falciparum isolates.

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is a significant healthcare-associated pathogen, notable for its diverse virulence and antibiotic resistance profiles. This study aimed to characterize the genotypic and phenotypic diversity of isolates and evaluate their virulence using the model. Biomass production, metabolic activity, capsule formation, and siderophore production were assessed in 27 .

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