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Background: The aim of the study was to investigate the quantitative differences between severe stage 3 and stage 4A retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) by evaluating the pre-treatment fundus photographs.

Methods: Thirty-three eyes with clinical diagnosed as severe stage 3 were classified as severe stage 3 group. Twenty-two eyes with retinal detachment without foveal involvement were classified as stage 4A group.

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Lymphangiogenesis is vital for tissue fluid homeostasis, immune function, and lipid absorption. Abnormal lymphangiogenesis has been implicated in several diseases such as cancers, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases. In this study, we elucidate the role of tsRNA-0032 in lymphangiogenesis and its molecular mechanism.

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Multiple roles for retinoid signaling in craniofacial development.

Curr Top Dev Biol

January 2025

Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, United States. Electronic address:

Retinoic acid (RA) signaling plays multiple essential roles in development of the head and face. Animal models with mutations in genes involved in RA signaling have enabled understanding of craniofacial morphogenic processes that are regulated by the retinoid pathway. During craniofacial morphogenesis RA signaling is active in spatially restricted domains defined by the expression of genes involved in RA production and RA breakdown.

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Early retinoic acid signaling organizes the body axis and defines domains for the forelimb and eye.

Curr Top Dev Biol

January 2025

Development, Aging, and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States. Electronic address:

All-trans RA (ATRA) is a small molecule derived from retinol (vitamin A) that directly controls gene expression at the transcriptional level by serving as a ligand for nuclear ATRA receptors. ATRA is produced by ATRA-generating enzymes that convert retinol to retinaldehyde (retinol dehydrogenase; RDH10) followed by conversion of retinaldehyde to ATRA (retinaldehyde dehydrogenase; ALDH1A1, ALDH1A2, or ALDH1A3). Determining what ATRA normally does during vertebrate development has been challenging as studies employing ATRA gain-of-function (RA treatment) often do not agree with genetic loss-of-function studies that remove ATRA via knockouts of ATRA-generating enzymes.

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The Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) causes haemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, and permanent blindness and has been listed by the WHO as a priority pathogen. To study RVFV pathogenesis and identify small-molecule antivirals, we established a novel In Vivo model using zebrafish larvae. Pericardial injection of RVFV resulted in ~4 log viral RNA copies/larva, which was inhibited by the antiviral 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine.

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