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Human motivation is organized hierarchically, from proximal (means) to ultimate (ends).
Behav Brain Sci
January 2025
Département d'études cognitives, Institut Jean Nicod, Ecole normale supérieure, Université PSL, EHESS, CNRS, Paris,
Murayama and Jach raise a key problem in behavioral sciences, to which we suggest evolutionary science can provide a solution. We emphasize the role of adaptive mechanisms in shaping behavior and argue for the integration of hierarchical theories of goal-directed cognition and behavioral flexibility, in order to unravel the motivations behind actions that, in themselves, seem disconnected from adaptive goals.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIt's bigger on the inside: mapping the black box of motivation.
Behav Brain Sci
January 2025
Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste,
Many motivational constructs are opaque "black boxes," and should be replaced by an explicit account of the underlying psychological mechanisms. The theory of motivational systems has begun to provide such an account. I recently contributed to this tradition with a general architecture of motivation, which connects "energization" and "direction" through the goal-setting activity of emotions, and serves as an evolutionary grounded map of motivational processes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe unboxing has already begun: One motivation construct at a time.
Behav Brain Sci
January 2025
Psychology Department, Columbia University, New York, NY,
Murayama and Jach argue that it is not clearly specified how motivation constructs produce behavior and that this black box should be unpacked. We argue that the authors overlook important classic theory and highlight recent research programs that already started unboxing. We feel that without relying on the mechanisms that such programs uncover, the proposed computational approach will be fruitless.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMetal Ion and Antibiotic Co-loaded Nanoparticles for Combating Methicillin-Rresistant -Induced Osteomyelitis.
ACS Nano
January 2025
Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) causes osteomyelitis (OM), which seriously threatens public health due to its antimicrobial resistance. To increase the sensitivity of antibiotics and eradicate intracellular bacteria, a Zn and vancomycin (Van) codelivered nanotherapeutic (named Man-Zn/Van NPs) was fabricated and characterized via mannose (Man) modification. Man-Zn/Van NPs exhibit significant inhibitory activity against extra- and intracellular MRSA and obviously decrease the minimum inhibitory concentration of Van.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFQuantitative Enhancement of Arsenate Immobilization Induced by Vacancy Defects on Various Exposed Lattice Facets of Hematite.
Environ Sci Technol
January 2025
Geomicrobiology, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany.
Defects are common features in hematite that arise from deviations from the perfect mineral crystal structure. Vacancy defects have been shown to significantly enhance arsenate (As) immobilization by hematite. However, the contributions from vacancy defects on different exposed facets of hematite have not been fully quantified.
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