On the basis of simple, generally accepted biostatistical and public health principles, it is shown that for environmental health hazards a proof of safety is much more difficult than a proof of hazard. The effective sample sizes required for proof of safety are orders of magnitude greater than what is feasible in biostatistical-epidemiological studies. Although many assurances of safety "in the name of science" have been issued by government agencies and others, few if any of these assurances are statistically valid.
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