Human African trypanosomiasis.

Human African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness is caused by infection with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense or Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense parasites, which are transmitted by tsetse flies in sub-Saharan Africa. Control of human African trypanosomiasis is based on case detection, treatment, and vector control. In the past decade, simple rapid diagnostic tests were introduced for gambiense human African trypanosomiasis, facilitating screening in primary health-care facilities. A new oral drug, fexinidazole, became the first-line treatment for gambiense human African trypanosomiasis without severe meningo-encephalitic disease, as well as for rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis. Medical interventions, in some areas combined with tiny target-based vector control, have substantially reduced human African trypanosomiasis incidence, despite temporary disruptions to health-care systems. The elimination of human African trypanosomiasis as a public health problem has been achieved, and elimination of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis transmission is now targeted for 2030. Improved diagnostics and drugs, continued involvement of populations at risk of disease, health staff, national authorities, and partners and donors all contribute to achieve this goal.