A majority of humans are right-handed and exhibit left hemisphere specialization for the comprehension and production of language. To what extent population-level behavioral and brain asymmetries are unique to humans remains a topic of interest across a wide range of scientific disciplines. In this chapter, we present current findings on the expression of population-level behavioral and brain asymmetries in nonhuman primates. We further present data on the association between communication functions, and especially gestures and individual variation in neuroanatomic asymmetries in nonhuman primates, with an emphasis on data from chimpanzees and baboons. The collective data are interpreted within the context of different theories on the evolution of language lateralization.
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