Mitochondrial malfunction is traditionally viewed as a major factor in tumor growth and malignancy, while recent studies have introduced conflicting views suggesting the necessity of functional mitochondria for tumor growth. Despite these differing perspectives, the specific role of mitochondria in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) remains poorly understood. In this study, we observed increased mitochondrial abundance and function during the development of cSCC. We also identified retinoic acid receptor response 1 (RARRES1), which is dramatically decreased in human cSCC samples, as a key regulator of mitochondrial homeostasis. Mechanistically, RARRES1 can translocate into mitochondria and facilitate the degradation of TFAM by binding to LONP1, thereby regulating mitochondrial biogenesis. While RARRES1 suppression unleashed TFAM to promote mitochondrial biogenesis, leading to the progression of cSCC. Targeting RARRES1-LONP1/TFAM axis shows significant potential for inhibiting cSCC development. This study reveals a unique network for regulating mitochondrial homeostasis and emphasizes the crucial role of mitochondria in cSCC development, positioning the RARRES1-LONP1/TFAM axis as promising therapeutic target for future clinical applications.
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