As the COVID-19 pandemic situation was on an end, a new monkeypox menace has been discovered in several places of the world. The most comforting thing is that the fatality rate of monkeypox is unlike Covid-19. But the recent global outbreaks and the rise in the number of cases has drawn attention of world towards it. The number of cases in multiple countries have already surpassed 25,000, according to the WHO report released on July 25, 2022. The zoonotic disease monkey-pox virus causes a feverish sickness in humans, with characteristic skin rashes and is similar to smallpox in structure, clinical presentation, and response to antiviral medicine. This review offers important insights on the evolution of the monkeypox virus and its different modes of transmission. It also discusses epidemiology, clinical findings, management, challenges, and current strategies for the disease, as well as the implications of the current epidemic on public health. Comprehensive research on the pathophysiology and management of monkeypox is still lacking. In order to solve this problem, we reviewed the pathology and virology of monkeypox infection and provided an overview of the most recent developments in anti-monkeypox medications.
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Emergence and evolution of monkeypox virus: Epidemiology, pathology, clinical symptoms, preventative and treatment measures.
Int Immunopharmacol
March 2025
Maliba Pharmacy College, Uka Tarsadia University, Bardoli, Gujrat 394350, India.
As the COVID-19 pandemic situation was on an end, a new monkeypox menace has been discovered in several places of the world. The most comforting thing is that the fatality rate of monkeypox is unlike Covid-19. But the recent global outbreaks and the rise in the number of cases has drawn attention of world towards it.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFGlobal epidemiology, viral evolution, and public health responses: a systematic review on Mpox (1958-2024).
J Glob Health
March 2025
Department of Microbiology, Pacific Medical College and Hospital, Pacific Medical University, Bhilonka Bedla, Sukher, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.
Background: Monkeypox (Mpox), a zoonotic viral disease caused by the Mpox virus (MPOXV), was first identified in 1958 and remained largely confined to Central and West Africa for decades. While it usually exhibited limited international transmission, recent outbreaks, including in the USA in 2003 and globally in 2024, highlight significant epidemiological shifts. We aimed to systematically evaluate the evolution of Mpox from 1958 to 2024, focussing on its epidemiology, viral evolution, and public health responses.
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Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
Amid the current multi-country mpox outbreak, analyzing monkeypox virus (MPXV) and vaccinia virus (VACV) genomes is vital for understanding evolutionary processes that may impact vaccine efficacy and design. This study aimed to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships and structural features of viral antigens, which are crucial for developing effective vaccines. By aligning 1903 MPXV genomes from the NCBI Virus repository (released between 2022 and 2024), an increase in phylogenetic diversity was observed compared to previous studies.
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Background: The monkeypox virus (MPXV) has raised global health concerns due to its widespread transmission. This study evaluated the MPXV immunogenic antigens and the impact of vaccinia virus (VACV) vaccination and MPXV infection on cross-reactive antibody responses to conserved proteins from representative MPXV strains that reflected the evolutionary trajectory.
Methods: Phylogenetic analyses were first conducted to reveal the evolutionary trajectory of MPXV from 1970 to 2024.
FORAlign: accelerating gap-affine DNA pairwise sequence alignment using FOR-blocks based on Four Russians approach with linear space complexity.
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Institute of Digital Health, Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Quzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 1, Chengdian Road, Kecheng Zone, Quzhou 324003, China.
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