Ammonia (NH) and nitrous oxide (NO) release are the main causes of nitrogen loss during aerobic composting. In this study, hyperthermophilic aerobic composting of refinery waste activated sludge (RWAS) was performed by adding extreme thermophilic bacteria, and the effects of inoculation on NH and NO emissions were systematically studied. The results revealed that inoculation achieved hyperthermophilic aerobic composting (T group), increased maturity, and reduced NH and NO emissions by 32.36% and 10.17%, respectively. The results of microbial network analysis and structural equation modeling revealed that inoculation altered the mechanisms influencing NH and NO release. Nitrogen genes and dominant bacteria were positively correlated with NH and NO release during conventional composting (CK group), whereas dominant bacteria and physicochemical factors were the main factors affecting NH and NO release during hyperthermophilic composting(T group). The correlation between the dominant bacteria and the release of NH and NO was weakened in the hyperthermophilic aerobic composting system, resulting in a decrease in the release of the above gases.
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