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Cerebral asymmetries in schizophrenia.
Handb Clin Neurol
March 2025
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
Historically, the first observations of a lower prevalence of right-handed patients among subjects with schizophrenia led to the hypothesis that brain asymmetry could play a significant role in the etiopathogenesis of the disease. Over the last decades, a growing number of findings obtained through many different techniques such as EEG, MEG, MRI, and fMRI, consistently reported reduction/loss of brain asymmetries as a core feature of schizophrenia, further suggesting such alterations to play a cardinal role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Moreover, several cognitive and psychopathologic dimensions have shown significant correlations with the reduced degree of asymmetry.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFHemispheric asymmetries in the control of upper limb movements.
Handb Clin Neurol
March 2025
Department of Psychology, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Caserta, Italy. Electronic address:
This chapter deals with the unique human abilities of using tools, imitating others' gestures, drawing, and building complex items. Herein, after a brief overview of clinical manifestations and assessment of disorders of tool use and imitation (upper limb apraxia) and of the impairments in drawing and assembling multipart objects (constructional apraxia), brain asymmetries are discussed mainly starting from the neuropsychologic studies on patients with focal brain lesions, although both upper limb apraxia and constructional apraxia are often observed during the course of neurodegenerative diseases. Although no room is allowed here for a full discussion of brain-behavior relationships, relevant functional neuroimaging findings in healthy individuals are considered.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCerebellar asymmetries.
Handb Clin Neurol
March 2025
Western Institute for Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Computer Science, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Statistical and Actuarial Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
The cerebellum is a subcortical structure tucked underneath the cerebrum that contains the majority of neurons in the brain, despite its small size. While it has received less attention in the study of brain asymmetries than the cerebrum, structural asymmetries in the cerebellum have been found in cerebellar volume that mirror cerebral asymmetries. Larger cerebellar structures have been reported on the right compared to the left, either for the whole cerebellar hemisphere or the anterior part of the cerebellum, with the latter accompanied by a left increase in the posterior cerebellum.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBrain Network Alterations in Fragile X Syndrome.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev
March 2025
Neuroscience and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Canada.
Fragile X syndrome (FXS), caused by FMR1 gene mutations, leads to widespread brain alterations significantly impacting cognition and behaviour. Recent advances have provided a deeper understanding of the neural substrates of FXS. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of neuronal network alterations in FXS.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFExamining the role of novelty detection in 20- and 40-Hz auditory steady-state responses.
Neuroimage
March 2025
Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
An auditory steady-state response (ASSR) is an electrophysiological response to periodic stimuli that reflects the synchronization of endogenous oscillations. The 40-Hz ASSR is reduced in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism spectrum disorder, making it a candidate biomarker for these psychiatric disorders. Previous studies have revealed that experimental conditions such as stimulus duration and inter-stimulus interval tend to affect ASSR, suggesting that novelty detection may play an important role in determining the magnitude of ASSR.
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