Re-Evaluating the Use of Glyphosate-based Herbicides: Implications on Fertility.

Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are the most widely used herbicides in the United States, accounting for 19% of estimated global use. Although the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has reaffirmed that the active ingredient glyphosate (GLY) is safe for humans, recent studies on exposure have suggested association with cancer, metabolic disorders, endocrine disruption and infertility, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and psychological disorders. Current literature on the effects of GLY exposure on reproductive function suggests potential clinical implications on women's reproductive health, including polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, infertility, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The continued debate surrounding GLY exposure increasingly exemplifies the public health issue surrounding its consequences on female reproductive health, human fertility, and the potential epigenetic effects. In this review, we discuss the potential mechanisms of toxicity and endocrine disruption of GLY on the female reproductive tract and highlight possible implications of GLY exposure on reproductive health outcomes. GLY adversely affects the female reproductive system through increased oxidative stress, endocrine disruption of reproductive hormones, histological changes in ovarian and uterus tissue, and diminished ovarian function in human cell lines and animals. We conclude that increased research efforts are warranted regarding the safety and efficacy of GBH as it pertains to female reproduction, as well as investments in cost-effective alternatives with the potential to reduce GBH usage.