Case of uveitis with increased electroretinographic amplitudes following Nivolumab and Ipilimumab administration for malignant melanoma.

Purpose: To report our flicker electroretinographic (ERG) findings in a patient who developed uveitis after treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for a metastatic malignant melanoma.

Methods: ERGs were used to monitor retinal physiology in a patient with ocular complications following systemic ICI administration. Flicker ERGs were recorded using the RETeval system before and after the ICI treatments.

Results: A 45-year-old woman was referred to our ophthalmologic clinic for baseline evaluations prior to initiating nivolumab/ipilimumab therapy. The patient had no ocular or ERG abnormalities at the initial visit, but three weeks after starting nivolumab/ipilimumab, she developed conjunctival hyperemia and tearing. Slit-lamp examination showed anterior chamber inflammation, and the ERGs showed a 40% increase in the amplitude from the baseline. However, optical coherence tomography (OCT) did not show any abnormalities. The anterior segment inflammation and increased ERG amplitude resolved with topical betamethasone. The patient developed significant liver damage after the second administration of nivolumab/ipilimumab, and this therapy was discontinued. Two steroid pulse therapies were followed by tapered oral prednisolone. During the follow-up period, no significant abnormalities were observed in the visual acuity or OCT images, but the ERG amplitudes increased from the first to the eighth month after the liver damage was detected. Five years later, the ERGs and OCT findings were within the normal limits, but she had developed a sunset glow fundus in both eyes.

Conclusion: ERGs may be a useful objective test for posterior inflammation induced by administration of ICIs that is not evident in OCT images.