No matter what energy input: tetradentate PNNP-ligated iridium complexes for CO2 reduction.

The efficient conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into valuable products remains a keystone of sustainable energy research. Achieving this goal requires catalytic methodologies that can adapt to diverse energy sources such as light, heat, or electricity. This concept highlights the remarkable versatility of tetradentate PNNP-ligated iridium complexes, (PNNP)Ir, as multifunctional catalysts, which demonstrate outstanding performance in CO2 reduction across photochemical, thermal, and electrochemical systems. By fine-tuning the ligand structure for each system, (PNNP)Ir complexes achieved remarkable efficiency, selectivity, and durability across all applications.