Elastic textile-based wearable modulation of musculoskeletal load: A comprehensive review of passive exosuits and resistance clothing.

Elastic textiles play a critical role in passive wearable solutions for musculoskeletal load management in both passive exosuits and resistance clothing. These textiles, based on their ability to stretch and retract, can exhibit ambivalence in their load-modulating effects when used in occupational, rehabilitation, exercise, or everyday activity settings. While passive exosuits and resistance garments may appear similar in design, they have opposing goals: to reduce the musculoskeletal load in the case of exosuits and to increase it in the case of resistance clothing. Despite this intrinsic connection, these two approaches have not been extensively linked together. This review aims to fill this gap by examining the common and distinct principles of elastic textiles in passive exosuits and resistance clothing, shedding light on their interactions and the complex dynamics of musculoskeletal load systems. The effectiveness of different designs in passive exosuits that mimic musculoskeletal function and resistance clothing that increase the workload for strength training are critically reviewed. Current challenges in practical implementation and opportunities to improve critical issues, such as preload, thermal comfort, skin friction, and donning and doffing are also highlighted.