Background: Immigrant status and citizenship influence health and well-being, yet their associations with DNA methylation (DNAm)-based biomarkers of aging - key predictors of healthspan and lifespan, also known as epigenetic aging - remain underexplored.
Methods: Using a representative sample of 2,336 United States (U.S.) adults from the 1999-2000 and 2001-2002 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we analyzed cross-sectional associations of immigrant status and U.S. citizenship with seven epigenetic aging biomarkers: HannumAge, HorvathAge, SkinBloodAge, PhenoAge, GrimAge2, DNAm Telomere Length, and DunedinPoAm.
Results: After adjusting for demographic factors, immigrants had 2.53-year lower GrimAge2 measures (95%CI: -3.44, -1.63, < 0.001) compared to non-immigrants. U.S. citizens had 1.98-year higher GrimAge2 measures (95%CI: 0.66, 3.30, = 0.005) compared to non-citizens. The GrimAge2 associations with immigrant status (β = -1.04-years, 95%CI: -1.87, -0.21, = 0.02) and citizenship (β = 1.35-years, 95%CI: 0.38, 2.32, = 0.02) were attenuated after adjusting for other lifestyle/health variables. Immigrant status and citizenship were associated with estimated levels of several GrimAge2 DNAm component proteins, including adrenomedullin and C-reactive protein.
Conclusion: Our results support the paradigm of the immigrant mortality advantage and highlight the potential value of epigenetic age measures in studying socioeconomic and broader factors influencing citizen and immigrant health.
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