Cytoplasmic WEE1 promotes resistance to PD-1 blockade through hyperactivation of the HSP90A/TCL1/AKT signaling axis in NANOGhigh tumors.

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has revolutionized the therapeutic landscape across various cancer types. However, the emergence of resistance to ICB therapy limits its clinical application. Therefore, it is necessary to better understand immune-resistance mechanisms that could be targeted by actionable drugs, and important to identify predictive markers for selecting patients. Here, by analyzing transcriptomic data from patients treated with PD-1 blockade and tumor models refractory to anti-PD-1 therapy, we identified WEE1 as a resistance factor conferring cancer stem cell (CSC)-like properties as well as immune-refractory phenotypes to tumor cells. WEE1 is transcriptionally upregulated by stemness factor NANOG and predominantly localized in the cytoplasm, not the nucleus, following AKT-dependent S642 phosphorylation in immune-refractory tumor cells. Mechanistically, cytoplasmic WEE1 drove AKT hyperactivation via the HSP90A/TCL1A/AKT auto-amplification loop andupregulated the expression of refractory factors such as CYCLIN A for hyperproliferation and MCL-1 for resistance to T cell killing. Of note, CXCL10 was downregulated, resulting in insufficient T cell infiltration. The NANOG/WEE1/AKT axis was also conserved in various human cancers. Importantly, targeting WEE1 with a clinically relevant inhibitor sensitized NANOG+ immune-refractory tumors to ICB, reinvigorating antitumor immunity by disrupting the HSP90A/TCL1A/AKT loop. Thus, our findings demonstrate the oncogenic role of cytoplasmic WEE1 in immune-refractoriness and CSC-like properties of tumor cells through AKT hyperactivation and provide a rationale for combining a WEE1 inhibitor to control anti-PD-1 therapy-refractory tumors.