The impact of dietary copper intake on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality among hypertensive patients: a longitudinal analysis from NHANES (2001-2018).

While the impact of macronutrients on health is well-understood, the influence of micronutrients such as copper on cardiovascular health remains less explored. Copper, vital for heart function and antioxidant defense, may affect cardiovascular health through its role in enzymatic activities that reduce oxidative stress. This study evaluates the relationship between dietary copper intake and cardiovascular outcomes in hypertensive patients using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2001 to 2018. Findings reveal that higher dietary copper intake is associated with significantly lower cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevalence and mortality rates. A non-linear relationship was identified, indicating an optimal copper intake threshold of approximately 2.85 mg/day. Notably, the protective effects of copper were more pronounced in men, non-diabetic individuals, and those with higher educational levels. These results underscore copper's potential role in preventing cardiovascular complications in hypertensive patients and support the inclusion of copper intake in dietary recommendations to improve cardiovascular health. This study enhances our understanding of how micronutrients influence cardiovascular disease management and aids in developing targeted nutritional interventions.