Three types of carbon dots were synthesized using the same precursor (folic acid and europium nitrate) via different preparation methods (doping and direct coordination). A comprehensive comparison and analysis of the morphology, surface groups, and optical properties of the prepared carbon dots (CD), europium-doped carbon dots (CD-Eu), and europium-functionalized carbon dots (CD@Eu) were conducted. Moreover, due to the higher quantum yield, excellent stability, and outstanding selectivity for UO exhibited by CD-Eu, we selected CD-Eu as the probe for subsequent applications. CD-Eu showed a sensitive response to UO within the concentration range 25 ~ 200 nM, with a detection limit of 0.84 nM (0.42 μg·L). Additionally, CD-Eu demonstrated excellent accuracy and recovery in spiked detection of real water samples. Furthermore, we discovered that this probe could detect UO both in vitro and in vivo. This strategy provides a promising fluorescent sensor for the detection of UO in water and biological samples, holding significant implications for addressing UO contamination issues.
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