utilizes vimentin to internalize human keratinocytes.

Introduction: Vimentin is an intermediate filamentous cytoskeletal protein involved in cell migration, adhesion, and division. Recent studies have demonstrated that several bacteria and viruses interact with vimentin to facilitate entry and trafficking within eukaryotic cells. However, the relationship between and vimentin remains unclear.

Methods: In the current study, we elucidated vimentin expression mechanism in human keratinocytes infected with using Western blot (WB), Flow cytometry, Immunofluorescence (IF) staining, utilizing neutralizing antibodies, and small interference (si) RNA, and a vimentin overexpression vector. The physical interaction between vimentin and was shown by IF on cell surface, intra- and intercellular space.

Results: HaCaT cells increased vimentin expression through physical interaction with live , and not by heat-killed bacteria or bacterial culture supernatants. The Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 signaling pathway, which includes interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling activation, was involved in -mediated vimentin expression. The vimentin protein induced by was secreted extracellularly and bound to in the culture media. The binding of vimentin to accelerated the intracellular infection of HaCaT cells.

Discussion: Thus, these experiments elucidated the mechanism of vimentin protein expression during infection in human skin keratinocytes and revealed the role of vimentin in this process. These findings suggest that vimentin could serve as a potential target for the prevention or treatment of infections.